Wars of Scotland

As many countries, Scotland was built with wars a along history.

Here is a brief list of the major wars that took place in Scotland since the early ages.

1 - The war against the romans

79 : Roman troops start invading « Caledonia » conducted by Agricola

From 80 to 211 : Scottish people conduct wars against the roman who built Hadrian's wall ans then Antonin's wall to protect themselves and finally leave Scotland in 211, two century before leaving the entire british isle.

2 – The middle ages civil wars : the unification of Scotland

From around 600 till 1034, the different tribes leaving in Scotland (picts, britons, saxons, scots) conducted war against each other for ruling over the country. In the 9^th century, the picts and the scots unit themselves under a common king : Kenneth Mac Alpine

At these times, Scotland is also invaded by its neighbours : vikings coming from scandinavia in the 9^th century establish themselves in the north of the country.

In the 10^th century, the scottish kings recognize the british sovereign ast their master.

In 1034, King Duncan unites the kingdoms of Scotland

3 – The wars against the English

In 1295 a treaty between Scotland and France creates the Auld Alliance (the old alliance) against the english.

In 1296, King Edward the 1^st of England conducts many wars against Scotland to conquer the country, in vain. Scottish people come to wart conducted by heroic leaders, such as William Wallace or Robert Bruce and resist the english. The simbol of the scottish victory is the battle of Bannockburn in 1314.

In 1328, the treaty of Northampton recognize the independance of Scotland.

In 1371 comes the first Stuart King of Scotland, Robert II Stewart. Stuarts will rule Scotland and later England until the 17^th century.

Wars against the english are not over, they will last until James VI Suart, King of Scotland, became King of England in 1603 after the death of british queen Elisabeth.

In 1707, the Scottish parliament vote the unification with England.

4 – The Jacobites wars

After the unification, partisans of the Stuarts enter a rebellion against the british power. The wars will last 30 years, from 1715 to 1745.

In 1745, Charles Edward Stewart (Bonnie Prince Charly) conducts the rebellion but is defeated at the battle of Culloden in 1746. The English take the power in Scotland and pacify the land by sending many scottish farmers to America.

5 – The contemporary wars

As a part of the United Kingdom, Scotland was involved in word war I and two and payed a great tribute to these events.

During WW1, more than 70 000 scottish people were killed.

For details about WW2, see the dedicated article